Review Results

Issues Identified

• I immediately thought of nutrient issues also. But it is just asking the difference between the two diseases.
• The question limits to only Sudden Death Syndrome or Brown Stem Rot, but it might be something else entirely. It could even be nutritional.
• I would say that a farmer would more likely just describe the symptoms, but not narrow down the diseases to just two choices. Limiting it to just two choices assumes that the farmers are already aware of those likely answers, as opposed to a more open-ended question.
• Yellowing between veins can also signify a nutritional (abiotic) issue.

Suggested Revisions

• no revision
• Soybeans in my field have yellowing between the veins on the upper leaves. How do I figure out what is causing this?
• Maybe two questions that are admittedly less clear but more realistic: What causes yellowing between soybean leaf veins? How can I tell the difference between SDS and brown stem rot?
• Soybeans in my field have yellowing between the veins on the upper leaves. Could this be a disease or nutritional issues?

Issues Identified

• Straightforward
• That symptomology could be both gray leaf spot or northern corn leaf blight so answer would really be it could be either. And it may even be something else entirely, though these two pathogens are the common cause of gray lesions on corn leaves.
• Same context as the first question: in my experience farmers/practitioners will (at least with initial questions) describe the symptoms but less often jump to a more binary choice of just two potential causes. A farmer may also go with less technical descriptions as opposed to a plant pathologist (ie. gray streaks with dark edges vs. lesions/borders).
• This question is clear.

Suggested Revisions

• Corn leaves have long gray lesions with dark borders. What is wrong?
• Similar to previous question (less clear, more realistic): What causes long gray streaks with dark edges on corn leaves? What is the difference between gray leaf spot and northern corn leaf blight?
• Corn leaves have long gray lesions with dark borders. What is causing this?

Additional Comments

• I think it revising to provide possible options on what is causing the gray lesions would provide more value as it will provide all possible options.

Suggested Answers

• Either gray leaf spot or northern corn blight could be causing it.

Issues Identified

• Management would be the same for the 2 diseases so knowing the exact pathogen/disease is not that relevant.
• Realistically I think a farmer would ask "My tomatoes have dark spots on the lower leaves that spread quickly after rain. What caused this?". There are also other pathogens that can cause dark leaf spots like this that spread after rain, so the prompt excludes other possible options to evaluate like bacterial leaf spot and others.
• Similar to other questions, I think narrowing the choices down to just two causes right from the start is a bit less realistic than open ended symptom questions (this applies for all questions; at the risk of sounding like a broken record I won't write the same comment for each :-)).
• Growers rarely say is it "this or that"

Suggested Revisions

• My tomatoes have dark spots on the lower leaves that spread quickly after rain. What can cause this? How do I figured out what caused this?
• My tomatoes have dark spots on the lower leaves that spread quickly after rain. What can cause this?

Additional Comments

• Adding the weather context is a good addition, and one that I hear often from farmers (ie. after it was hot symptom x showed up - weather or environment or both?).

Suggested Answers

• Could be either. You could say dark spots with a bull's eye appearance.. then they would know it was early blight.

Issues Identified

• The biggest thing is that I think farmers would like just ask more broadly, what is causing the issue.
• I doubt a farmer would include "late in the season" when asking this question - in the moment, I don't think that seasonal context (how much season is left as of today...) would be included in the query.
• Straightforward.

Suggested Revisions

• Peanut plants are showing leaf spots late in the season. How can I tell what it is?
• I would just drop "late in the season".

Issues Identified

• No issues with this question. The wording in this question is as close to what a client or expert would select.
• I still think farmers ma ask it more broadly. Like what is causing it.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• My cucumbers have yellow patches on the top of the leaves and fuzzy growth underneath. What causes this? How can I tell what it is?
• None - good question.
• What causes yellow patches on the top of the leaves and fuzzy growth underneath my cucumber?

Additional Comments

• management would be different depending on the answer.
• The less technical descriptors here are very realistic.

Suggested Answers

• Downy mildew

Issues Identified

• To general. Not specific enough to generate a valid response. I feel like it will be a broad answer given.

Suggested Revisions

• I would not leave in "or something else?" makes it too vague. i would just ask if it was Phytophthora root rot.
• Replace moist with wet.

Additional Comments

• I like how broad the question itself is. I think its realistic for a farmer to ask what something is and maybe offer something they think it might be in the question like phytophthora.
• The "or something else" is a good addition - more open ended. The soil moisture piece is also good context and realistic for farmers/practitioners to include something beyond just the symptomatic observation.

Issues Identified

• Too broad of a question for Ai. User will receive unintended feedback.
• The question doesn't ask in a way that includes other things that can cause these spots on apple leaves.
• No issue

Suggested Revisions

• User would benefit from using formal plant name, age of plant, location and climate.
• Apple leaves have olive-green spots that later turn brown. Is this apple scab, a nutrient issue or something else?
• Apple leaves have olive-green spots that later turn brown. Is this apple scab, another disease, or a nutrient issue?

Additional Comments

• I like the contrasting options of a plant disease and a non-IPM option. This is much more realistic than narrowing the choices down to just two pest-related potential causes given that there are many more issues (biotic and abiotic) that result in symptoms.

Suggested Answers

• apple scab

Issues Identified

• Could be nutritional
• The question limits the answers. There could be other causes of yellow streaks on wheat.

Suggested Revisions

• My wheat has yellow streaks on the leaves. Could this be stripe rust, a viral disease or nutrient related?
• My wheat has yellow streaks on the leaves. Could this be stripe rust, a viral disease, or something else?

Additional Comments

• Similar to other questions, a simple "what causes yellow streaks on wheat" may be more realistic and leaves the door open for non-plant pathology causes like nutrient deficiency or soil moisture issues (too wet or dry). Limiting the options to these two causes assumes the farmer/practitioner knows they exist and presumes that they are caused by a plant pathogen..

Issues Identified

• From an agent/specialist standpoint this question is impactful. I am not confident that a farmer would ask the question this way.
• I would avoid "lesions" - more likely for a plant scientist/pathologist than a farmer/IPM advisor.
• Growers typically say spots or circles not lesions.
• I think a farmer would ask it more broadly.

Suggested Revisions

• Potato plants have brown lesions with yellow halos. How do I tell if this is early blight or late blight?
• (species of plant) Potato plants have brown lesions with yellow circles. Is this early blight or late blight?
• Potato plants have brown spot with yellow rings. Is this early blight or late blight?

Additional Comments

• Actually, most of these questions could be asked that way.. How do I tell if this is phytophthora root rot? how do i tell if it is apple scab or a nutritional issue.

Suggested Answers

• early blight

Issues Identified

• No identification of the plant is listed. Thousands of species in various climates.
• "Lesions", and limiting cause to two options.
• Again, growers don't typically use lesions when describing symptoms.
• I don't think that a farmer would call a pepper a fruit.

Suggested Revisions

• I think a farmer would say, "My peppers have black water soaked spots.. how do i tell if it is bacterial spot or anthracnose?"
• My peppers have water-soaked areas on the fruit. Is this bacterial spot or anthracnose?
• My peppers have water-soaked lesions on the them. Could this be bacterial spot or anthracnose?

Issues Identified

• No issues identified.

Suggested Revisions

• how do i know for certain this is powdery mildew? the "or something else" seems too open ended
• What causes powdery growth on grape leaves?

Issues Identified

• Question is unclear as to why the stems are splitting.
• Need to use more simplified language

Suggested Revisions

• I like how this one is worded. sounds more like a grower's question. Or you could just say how do i rule out brown stem rot?
• What causes soybean stems to split?
• Why are my soybean stems splitting and turning brown?
• Soybean stems are turning brown inside when split. Is this Brown Stem Rot or something else?

Issues Identified

• Ai will list several pests that fall within this range. However it be easier for the user to narrow it down if pictures are provided.
• More likely a farmer will just ask "I'm seeing small green insects on my soybean leaves. What are these?"
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• I'm seeing small green insects on my soybean leaves. How do I know if these are soybean aphids?

Issues Identified

• This question is too vague not sure Ai will generate a proper response.
• To answer the exact question, yes it could be either fall army worm or corn ear worm, but it could also be a lot of other things too. I think the question limits the responses that would be given without considering other causes of ragged leaf holes on corn.
• Growers won't say ragged and this could also be physical damage like wind.

Suggested Revisions

• Corn plants have ragged holes in the leaves. What can cause this? How do I tell what caused it?
• What's causing my corn leaves to have holes in them?

Issues Identified

• There are other beetles that can be found on cucumber that have stripes so it doesn't necessarily cover all options in the way the question is currently worded.
• Why ask the second part of the question, if they identified it in the first part?

Suggested Revisions

• I liked how this question was worded.. Others should follow this form.
• My cucumbers have striped beetles feeding on the leaves. Are these striped cucumber beetles or something else?
• Do my cucumbers have striped beetles feeding on the leaves?

Additional Comments

• Another way to approach this question could be to ask with more specifics identifying details like "My cucumbers have striped beetles with yellow legs feeding on the leaves. Are these striped cucumber beetles?

Suggested Answers

• striped cuke beetle
• Does assume that the asker already knows about striped cucumber beetles, but I do like that it asks a yes/no question about a single potential cause - seems realistic.

Issues Identified

• I feel like farmers often don't notice the mites, they just notice the webbing. I think more realistically they would ask this "I’m seeing webbing on my tomatoes. Could this be spider mites?"
• I think most often if the asker already knows enough to say that they see mites in the first part of the question, they are likely already acquainted with spider mites.
• Typically won't be able to see tiny mites and growers won't ask the question this way.

Suggested Revisions

• I’m seeing webbing and tiny mites on my tomatoes. Are these spider mites?
• "I see tiny insects on my tomatoes..."
• Are spider mites causing webbing on my tomatoes?

Issues Identified

• Only issue is the plant needs to be identified within the question.
• It is hard to say how serious they are without knowing what kind of plants they are on. If it is a plant with common whitefly transmitted viruses, the answer may be different than if it is on a plant with not a whole lot of virus concerns.
• Growers won't say disturb my plants or ask the question this way.

Suggested Revisions

• There are small white flies flying up when I disturb my (insert plant species) . Are these whiteflies and how serious are they?
• There are small white flies flying up when I disturb my tomatoes. Are these whiteflies and are they a problem?
• There are small flies flying up... (delete "white")
• Are whiteflies on my plants and how bad are they?

Issues Identified

• Not sure if question will be asked this way by farmers/agents.
• I don't think a farmer is likely to use the word skeletonized. It is more technical than many farmers would use. There are also a lot of other things that could have caused this other than just japanese beetle.
• I'm not sure that a farmer in particular would use the word "skeletonized". Maybe something like "an insect is chewing holes between the veins in my soybean leaves"
• Not a realistic question from a grower.

Suggested Revisions

• Soybean leaves have holes chewed in leaves. Could this be caused by Japanese beetle? How can I tell?
• Are Japanese beetles feeding on my soybean leaves?

Additional Comments

• If the question needs to focus on japanese beetle, then it should also ask for information on identification.

Issues Identified

• There are other green larvae that are common on cabbage.
• Too specific, could be other caterpillars besides the two listed.

Suggested Revisions

• My cabbage plants have green caterpillars chewing holes in the leaves. Are these cabbage loopers, imported cabbageworms, or diamondback moth? How do I tell the difference?
• What green caterpillar is feeding on my cabbage plants?

Issues Identified

• Could be something abiotic and not just another insect.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i tell if the damage is caused by corn earworm?
• What's causing my corn ears to be damaged at the tip?

Issues Identified

• probably informs a future mgt decision, may be too late otherwise.
• There are other types of maggots that can be in onions and management recommendations are slightly different?
• No issues

Suggested Revisions

• There are small maggots in my onion bulbs. Could this be onion maggot or something else?

Issues Identified

• Will the prompt respond with identification information or just say yes or no?
• Flea beetles don't look much like fleas - they are called flea beetles because they jump from plant to plant like fleas.
• The first part basically answers the question.

Suggested Revisions

• My beans have small holes in the leaves and I see small dark beetles. Are these flea beetles?
• My beans have small holes in the leaves and I see flea-like beetles. Are these flea beetles? How do I tell?
• Are flea beetles making small holes in my bean leaves?

Issues Identified

• Too broad.
• I don't think a farmer would ask the question this way. They will probably say the soybeans look deformed or seeds are shriveled. I don't expect them to know right away that they have been punctured by stink bugs.
• Could likely drop "late in the season" given that pods primarily form later in the season. And, when someone would ask the question, I doubt they would include the timing context.
• Growers won't use punctured.

Suggested Revisions

• Soybean seeds inside pods are shriveled late in the season. Could this be stink bugs?
• What's causing holes in my soybean pods late in the season?

Issues Identified

• I wouldn't assume they know to ask about squash vine borer.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• I’m seeing sawdust-like material at the base of my squash plants. What causes this?

Suggested Answers

• yes, svb.. frass at base..

Issues Identified

• Reword the question.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i decide if and when i should consider spraying for soybean aphids?
• When should I spray for soybean aphids?

Additional Comments

• I really like this question. It is alluding to economic thresholds and I think this is a realistic way a grower would ask about it.

Issues Identified

• Abbreviations can be confusion. I hear more farmers calling it the tasseling stage more than the VT stage.
• Assumes gray leaf spot is the causal agent.

Suggested Revisions

• Is it worth applying a fungicide for corn gray leaf spot at the tasseling stage?
• Is it worth spraying for corn gray leaf spot at the VT stage?

Issues Identified

• Rewording for simplified language.
• How would they confirm?

Suggested Revisions

• I found Sudden Death Syndrome in soybeans, is there any in-season treatment that works?
• If my soybeans have Sudden Death Syndrome, are there any in-season treatments that work?

Issues Identified

• straightforward if there are indeed thresholds for spraying.
• What crop? Or landscape plants? Could use some more context.
• No issues.
• What plant? Economic thresholds may be different depending on the crop. It also may depend on the stage of the crop too.

Suggested Revisions

• Should I apply insecticide for Japanese beetles if I only see a few per peach tree?

Issues Identified

• What crop? Widespread is quite subjective, but maybe that's worth testing in this question?
• Widespread might be relative but it is realistic for the farmer to ask it that way. Also should probably note the crop that is being asked, because stage of the crop may impact the recommendations. Realistically though, I would imagine a farmer might leave those details out.

Suggested Revisions

• When is it too late to spray for powdery mildew?
• Is it too late to spray for powdery mildew once symptoms are widespread in cucumbers when they are flowering?

Issues Identified

• No issues
• I don't expect farmers to use the term threshold when asking this question. There are also a lot of variables, including which products are being used.

Suggested Revisions

• At what point should I spray for fall armyworm in corn?

Issues Identified

• No issues

Issues Identified

• good/straightforward
• No issues
• Avoid abbreviations. I would also expect a grower to ask it more broadly.

Suggested Revisions

• Are seed treatments effective for preventing early soybean diseases?

Issues Identified

• Reword.

Suggested Revisions

• Is there any benefit to spraying insecticide for stink bugs late in the soybean season?

Additional Comments

• Realistic and common farmer question.
• This may also be a good test to see if the model mentions being mindful of post harvest intervals.

Issues Identified

• I don't think a farmer/advisor would say "monitor". Might be more effective to ask if there is a treatment threshold for cucumber beetles, or when should I spray for cucumber beetles. Would be interesting also to ask "what should I spray".

Suggested Revisions

• if i only see a couple of cucumber beetles on my plants, should i start a spray program immediately?
• If I find cucumber beetles early, should I spray right away or monitor first?

Issues Identified

• Rewording for more realistic question.
• Reword.

Suggested Revisions

• What disease level do soybean fungicides pay off? When do soybean fungicides increase yield?
• Should I spray foliar fungicide in soybeans if disease pressure is low?
• Should I spray my soybeans if disease pressure is low?

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• Farmer may ask the question more broadly.

Suggested Revisions

• How do I decide if spider mites require treatment in soybeans?

Additional Comments

• I like the mix of a pest and environmental conditions in this question - more realistic and reflective of the complexity in IPM decision-making.

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• Simplifying language

Suggested Revisions

• What crop rotations reduce SDS in soybean? Can rotating crops reduce SDS in soybean?
• What crop can I rotate with to help reduce Sudden Death Syndrome in soybeans fields?

Additional Comments

• good question..

Suggested Answers

• rotate out of non-susceptible crop like corn

Issues Identified

• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• My corn fields had a lot of gray spot last year. Is there a way to avoid or minimize it next year?

Additional Comments

• Really realistic question that provides a lot of IPM value and opportunity for teacher the asker something about management strategies.

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• Rephrasing for simplicity of language

Suggested Revisions

• are there any soybean cultivars that have resistance to soybean cyst nematode?
• What soybean varieties help manage soybean cyst nematode?

Additional Comments

• Likely question from farmers. They may not call them "resistant" varieties - they may just ask "What soybean varieties resist soybean cyst nematodes" - but still in the range of a common farmer question.

Issues Identified

• Reword.
• I don't think that a farmer would call it cultural practices. They would likely ask more broadly. Or ask for practices instead of pesticides.
• Not a bad question, but I don't hear farmers/practitioners use the term "cultural practices" as often as in the past.

Suggested Revisions

• I like the way this question is phrased.. i think this should happen with more of the disease questions.
• How can I prevent powdery mildew in my cucurbits?
• What helps prevent powdery mildew in cucurbits?

Issues Identified

• May need to specify hosts.
• I think a farmer would ask more broadly.

Suggested Revisions

• How does improving drainage help reduce plant diseases?
• Does better drainage reduce root rot diseases?

Issues Identified

• Same with this question, may need to specify the disease and not leave it so general.

Suggested Revisions

• maybe make it so it is not just a yes/no answer.. what effect does planting date have on disease risk in soybeans? may need to name a disease.
• Does planting date affect disease risk in soybeans?

Issues Identified

• I think the question would be worded differently by a grower.
• Choppy question.

Suggested Revisions

• good key concept
• Should I remove the crop residue between seasons in corn to help with disease?
• Does leaving crop residue in my corn field increase disease?
• Potential revision to make it a bit more realistic: Do corn diseases carry over in crop residue?

Issues Identified

• Simplified language is needed.
• Reword question

Suggested Revisions

• How would compacted soils affect the incidence of soybean diseases.
• How does soil compaction impact soybean disease development?
• Does soil compaction play a role in soybean disease development?

Additional Comments

• Not what I would consider a common farmer/practitioner question.

Issues Identified

• good key concept
• No issues.
• A specific issue (aphids) and an extremely broad solution (integrated pest management). I don't think the broad "integrated pest management" would be used in this context.

Additional Comments

• I think this question very broadly asks about IPM and is realistic to growers exploring IPM options.

Suggested Answers

• avoid over N fert also

Issues Identified

• Question too broad. Ai will pull from previous prompts to formulate an answer to this question.
• Question needs to be reworded.

Suggested Revisions

• How do you determine the economic threshold of a pest by scouting? i would probably put in a real pest to make it more realistic.
• How can I scout to better detect pests before they reach economic thresholds?
• More realistic: Does scouting prevent crop loss or reduce pesticide cost?

Additional Comments

• In what crops? For what pests? The methods may be highly variable depending on the crop, the pests and even the stage of crop development. I could still see a very broad question like this being asked though.

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• An alternative word to "influence" may be more realistic (increase or decrease?).

Suggested Revisions

• redo so it is not a yes no answer

Issues Identified

• Slight change in the language seems like a more realistic question.
• Too general to be realistic - which plant nutrients/crops/diseases/etc.?

Suggested Revisions

• How does fertility influence plant stress and disease susceptiblity
• What fertilization practices help reduce plant stress and disease susceptibility?
• How do nutrients reduce plant stress and disease susceptibility?

Issues Identified

• the way these questions are worded, it could be a yes no answer..
• "Lesions" is maybe more technical than would be used by most Extension clientele.

Suggested Revisions

• My soybean leaves are yellowing but I can't see obvious lesions. How do i determine if this is a disease or is this due to a nutrient deficiency?
• My soybean leaves are yellowing but I can't see obvious lesions. Could this be disease, nutrient deficiency, or something else?
• My soybean leaves are yellowing and don't have spots. Could this be a disease or a nutrient deficiency?
• "My soybeans are yellowing. Could this..."

Issues Identified

• Doesn't ask about other potential causes like nematodes. I thin the questions should be more broad.
• Reword question.

Suggested Revisions

• again, this could be perceived as a yes no answer. I would say something more definitive like " How do i figure out whether the damage is caused by insects, by a disease or is it a soil issue?
• Corn plants are stunted in patches. What can cause this? How do I tell what caused it?
• What's causing my corn plants to be stunted in patches?

Issues Identified

• I think a grower would ask it more broadly for ab ambiguous diagnosis.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• Tomato leaves are curling and yellowing. How do i determine if the cause is herbicide drift or if it is a pathogen/disease?
• Tomato leaves are curling and yellowing. What can cause this?

Suggested Revisions

• How do i tell whether it is bacterial wilt or is it related to drought stress?
• What causes my cucumbers to wilt during the day and recover at night?
• Potentially more realistic: "What causes cucumbers to wild during the day but recover at night?" (Open ended, without assuming previous knowledge of bacterial wilt)

Issues Identified

• could be perceived as a yes no answer.
• This is a realistic question but it will result in a broad answer that may not be relevant to the site.
• Question excludes other possible options for issues like disease, etc.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine if the cause is due to nematodes or due to soil fertility?
• Soybeans have uneven growth across the field. Could this be nematodes, soil fertility, or something else?
• What can cause my soybeans to have uneven growth across the field?

Additional Comments

• Realistic question

Suggested Revisions

• Leaves on my peppers have spots and yellowing but I'm unsure if it's disease or sunscald or something else.
• Leaves on my peppers have spots and yellowing. Is it disease, sunscald or something else?
• What causes spots and yellowing on pepper leaves?

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine if the cause is a disease or if the cause is a nutrient deficiency?
• My wheat field has patches of poor growth. Could this be root disease, nutrient deficiency, or something else?

Issues Identified

• Other things can also cause purpling of leaves on corn.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine whether purpling of leaves is due to cold stress or if it is caused by a phosphorus deficiency?
• Some corn plants have purple leaves. Could this be phosphorus deficiency, cold stress, or something else?

Suggested Answers

• prob timing determines but it could be cold stress inducing poor movement of phosphorus

Issues Identified

• Other things could cause the plants to die in clusters beyond what the question asks.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine whether the cause is due to insect feeding vs root rots?
• Soybean plants are dying in small clusters. Could this be root rot, insect damage, or something else? How can I tell?
• Soybean plants are dying in small clusters. Could this be root rot, insect damage, or something else?

Additional Comments

• "small clusters" may not be a realistic phrase - potentially just "in spots"?

Issues Identified

• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine if the cause is due to a virus or whether it is the result of a nutrient issue?

Additional Comments

• "Mottled" isn't a word I would expect from a farmer/practitioner - more likely from an IPM expert.

Issues Identified

• Other things can cause distorted leaves.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine if the damage is a result of herbicide drift or whether it is due to mite damage?
• Strawberries have distorted leaves. Could this be herbicide drift, disease, or pest damage?
• Strawberries have distorted leaves. Is this herbicide drift, mite damage or something else?

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• Other things might be causes the seedlings to die

Suggested Revisions

• Corn seedlings are dying shortly after emergence. How do I tell if it is caused by insect feeding or if it caused by a root disease?
• Corn seedlings are dying shortly after emergence. Could this be seedling disease, insect feeding, or something else?

Issues Identified

• Rewording for a more realistic question.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• In the Midwest, when do numbers of soybean aphid typically peak?
• In the Midwest, when is the peak risk time for soybean aphids?

Additional Comments

• Realistic farmer question, appropriate combination of pest and climatic factors

Issues Identified

• too much a yes or no question.
• Ai will not properly be able to pull from recently verified sources.
• The question lacks clarity on what southern regions. Southern US? Southern Brazil? Southern Montana?
• Too general use of southern.

Suggested Revisions

• why are red rot cases increasing in southern regions?
• Are red crown rot cases increasing in southern U.S. soybean growing regions?
• Are red crown rot cases increasing in the southern U.S. soybean growing regions?

Additional Comments

• I don't think this would be a common question from Extension clientele.

Issues Identified

• I am not sure a grower would ask the question like this and it is also unclear to what southern region we are talking about.
• Same as question before, too general just mentioning southeastern.
• I don't think "humid" would be used here.

Suggested Revisions

• What soybean disease causes the most economic damage in humid southeastern soybean fields?
• What diseases are most common in southeastern U.S. soybean fields during high humidity?
• What diseases are most common in southeastern U.S. soybean fields?
• What are the most common soybean diseases in the southeastern US?

Issues Identified

• Abbreviations may be lead to confusion.
• Climate is very general and SDS should be written out.

Suggested Revisions

• How does weather in the northern Corn Belt affect SDS risk?
• How does climate in the northern Corn Belt affect sudden death syndrome risk?
• How does the weather in Northern U.S. corn belt affect sudden death syndrome risk?
• Does climate affect SDS risk? Or, How does weather affect SDS risk?

Additional Comments

• I think climate is long term and weather would be shorter term within the course of the growing season.
• SDS also is commonly used to describe safety data sheets. Although in the context, it might be able to figure out sudden death syndrome, but I had to think about what SDS meant. Is this a common abbreviation used in corn production? We don't see it called SDS in Florida often.

Issues Identified

• very general.. might be more IPM related if you asked about a specific pest
• Choppy question.

Suggested Revisions

• What wheat pests are most common in the Pacific Northwest?

Issues Identified

• No issues.
• A more refined location, such as a specific state, may be more realistic than the Great Plains.

Suggested Revisions

• How do you determine when a pesticide is warranted for corn diseases?

Issues Identified

• This question seems really broad. It could give a lot of responses depending on what type of crop, time of year, etc. If the question is designed intentionally to be broad, I would rephrase it slightly.
• Reword.
• I don't think Extension clientele would ask such a general question about "western crop systems" - that is extremely variable by crop/location/soil type/etc.

Suggested Revisions

• How does irrigation impact plant diseases on crops grown in the arid west crops?
• How does irrigation affect disease pressure in farming in the western US?
• How does irrigation relate to disease pressure in western crops?
• How does irrigation affect crop disease pressure? Or, Does irrigation increase crop disease pressure?

Issues Identified

• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• which diseases have the most economic impact affecting yield and quality of soybeans in Ohio and Ind?

Issues Identified

• What pests? What plants?
• No issues.
• A bit too general. A specific crop/insect/disease question would likely be more realistic for Extension clientele.

Suggested Revisions

• pretty open ended..

Issues Identified

• Fungal disease in what?
• Should be a little more specific.
• I would take out the location - I don't think that's realistic.

Suggested Revisions

• How does high humidity in southern states affect fungal diseases in crops?
• Does high humidity affect crops in the southern states?
• How does high humidity affect fungal diseases?

Issues Identified

• Northern could be any location. Need more definitive location.
• Very general question.

Suggested Revisions

• it is too open ended/amibiguous
• What emerging pests are in the Northern US soybean production areas?

Issues Identified

• I don't expect a grower to ask it this way.
• I don't think Extension clientele would ask about regional differences. They would more likely ask about their region of interest, or even more likely identify their location by state.
• Usually growers are worried about their own areas and not whole regions.

Suggested Revisions

• Are there differences in scouting recommendations for soybean diseases depending on what part of the US you are in?
• What scouting recommendations for soybean diseases are there for my region?

Issues Identified

• Should contain the actual product name or registration number for a more detailed answer.
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• Good question!

Issues Identified

• I don't think someone would ask a question that they already know is illegal.

Suggested Revisions

• Can i apply an effective pesticide if the crop or pest is not on the label
• Can I apply a fungicide on a plant not on the label if I think it will work?
• Can I apply a fungicide to my plants if I think it will work and it's not on the label?

Additional Comments

• Very realistic question and important that the model follows the law on this. I do think that the term "off-label" is more typical of someone with a good understanding of pesticide laws and regulations. A farmer would be more likely to ask if they don't see the plant listed on the label.

Issues Identified

• Too general to be realistic. A crop/pesticide combination would be more realistic (an example below, but could be any other combination of course).
• No issues.

Suggested Revisions

• How do I use glyphosate on soybeans?

Additional Comments

• I think this should be flagged as a trap question. Because they should realistically check the entire label before applying a product. So this would be a question that tests that the model is following the regulation and rules requirements.

Issues Identified

• Too broad.
• Reword.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i determine if the pesticide I want to apply can be used near a body of water?
• Can I spray a pesticide near a water source?

Additional Comments

• User will ask about specific products.

Issues Identified

• straightforward
• No issues

Issues Identified

• I would expect a grower to use simpler language in the way they ask this question. I could imagine them seeing the pre-harvest interval on the label and asking for a better definition of what it means.
• A more specific question about the PHI for a crop/pesticide combination would be more realistic/commonly asked - example below.
• Reword question.

Suggested Revisions

• What is a pre-harvest interval?
• What is the pre-harvest interval for glyphosate on soybeans?
• What are pre-harvest intervals for pesticides?

Issues Identified

• Labels application can be required to apply full strength or less than. This answer would not satisfy the full intent of the label.
• I think a grower is less likely to phrase the question this way.
• I don't think this would be asked by Extension clientele - essentially asking "what happens if I do something illegal"... May be more realistic to ask something more specific - examples below.
• Not sure anyone would ask in this manner.

Suggested Revisions

• What are the consequences if a pesticide application does not follow label instructions?
• I think this should not be a question. It would eventually hinder compliance in many instances.
• What happens if you don't follow the pesticide label?
• Can I use less than the labeled rate of a pesticide? Can I use an adjuvant with a pesticide even if the label instructions don't include it? Can I tank mix pesticides if the label doesn't list them?
• What if a pesticide is applied incorrectly?

Suggested Answers

• Label requirement varies depending on the local, state and federal rules. Also many labels vary in their application rates and uses. Please refer to the each label to determine application rates and requirements.

Additional Comments

• I really like this question. This helps identify trusted resources rather than directly give chemical treatment advice.

Additional Comments

• I think this is another good question and realistic for folks to ask. If anything, maybe add: How can I tell if a product is restricted or general use?
• Fairly common question in pesticide applicator certification/training processes.

Issues Identified

• I wouldn't expect a grower to ask in absolutes like this. I would expect them to ask if tank mixes are allowed versus "always" allowed.
• Reword the question.

Suggested Revisions

• How do i know if the pesticide i am using can be tank-mixed with another one?
• Are tank mixes of pesticides allowed?
• Are tank mixes allowed under pesticide labels?

Additional Comments

• I don't know that this trap is really the right trap. Because tank mixes can be allowed. It first depends on whether or not the label prohibits tank mixing and secondly depends if the products are compatible chemically or physically. This is usually tested ahead of a full tank mix after checking that the labels of both products allow for tank mixes.
• Very common question.

Issues Identified

• I do not think this is a question that would be asked by a farmer or Agent. I think they would include a specific product within the question.
• I can't see a grower asking this question like this at all.
• Probably too general to be a common question.
• In my opinion, not a question growers will ask.

Suggested Revisions

• What regulation do I need to follow for pesticide drift?

Suggested Answers

• Ai will give multiple examples of the correct response to this question.

Issues Identified

• The location and product would generate a better answer.

Additional Comments

• Great question.

Issues Identified

• No issues

Suggested Revisions

• What does spotted lanternfly look like?

Issues Identified

• I think growers aren't usually asking who to report it to but more curious about broadly what they should do. Some may not even know about obligations for reporting invasive species.
• Reword.

Suggested Revisions

• If I suspect an invasive pest in my field, what should I do?
• If I suspect an invasive pest in my field, what should I do?

Issues Identified

• Reword

Suggested Revisions

• What kind of damage would i see from spotted lantern fly feeding?
• What damage symptoms are caused by spotted lanternfly?
• What does spotted lanternfly feeding damage look like?
• What symptoms or damage are associated with spotted lanternfly feeding?

Suggested Revisions

• Are there any regulations related to spotted lanternfly?

Issues Identified

• Very pest-dependent. Some spread in firewood, some with birds, some with wind currents
• I think that growers will have simpler language in the way they ask these questions.

Suggested Revisions

• How does spotted lantern fly spread between regions?
• How do invasive pests spread to new places?
• How do invasive pests spread?
• How do invasive pests typically spread?

Issues Identified

• Pretty broad topic (invasive insects in general) - management options would be specific to an insect species - which I think makes it less realistic.
• Not sure I like this question.

Suggested Revisions

• What do I do if I find an invasive insect in my field?

Additional Comments

• I don't really agree with the trap here. I think that the model should definitely mention the obligation to report. But I also think it should provide information about treatment options currently being used following reporting and confirmed ID. Some newly detected invasive insects may not be a high priority or have a quarantine or eradication program ongoing, so after its been reported, there may exist necessary management options. I think it would be more valuable for the model to answer the question of what to do to report suspect invasive species rather than focusing on management options.

Issues Identified

• kind of vague
• I think that the answer is so highly dependent on the pest and the crop that it would be hard for a concise answer to be given by the model specifically for early in the season.
• Too broad of a question to be realistic - a specific pest and crop would be a lot more realistic.

Suggested Revisions

• How should farmers monitor for invasive pests?
• How should farmers monitor for invasive pests?

Issues Identified

• Very vague.. might be better to mention a pest
• Not sure growers will ask this type of question.

Additional Comments

• Likely more realistic of a question from those outside agriculture/horticulture, like from the general public.

Issues Identified

• Will not give an answer to the question. Too broad for a definitive answer
• Which invasive soybean pests? Some may only feed on legumes, and some may have a broader host range.
• Don't like this question and not sure how to improve it.

Suggested Revisions

• Are there any emerging or invasive pests attacking soybeans in my region? or are there any other crops that invasive soybeans would also attack?
• Do soybean pests affect other crops?

Additional Comments

• I can't think of a way to revise this question in a way that makes sense.

Issues Identified

• I don't think this would be a common question. For example, in many states their departments of agriculture track invasive species more than Extension, other than via some diagnostic labs.
• I feel like the question suggests that Extension services is responsible for tracking invasive species outbreaks. While Extension does help with this, there are a lot of other agencies and organizations also involved. I do think it would be a realistic wording of the question though because growers often don't fully understand what extension does.

Suggested Revisions

• How do they track invasive species outbreaks?

Suggested Revisions

• What should I do if I suspect an invasive pest in my county?